ASL & English
American Sign Language (ASL)
American Sign Language is a conceptually based language that uses hand and body position and movement, as well as facial expressions, as opposed to most other languages, which use verbal and written forms of communication. ASL is a different language than English; it is not just hand signals that represent English words that spell sentences in English word order. Rather, it has its own grammar rules, common expressions, wordplay, etc.
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) defines ASL as "A visual language based on hand shape, position, movement, and orientation of the hands in relation to each other and the body" (47 CFR § 64.601). Refer to the parameters of ASL.
ASL and systems of MCE are the predominantly used systems of communication by deaf people in the United States and Canada. Other regions of the world use their own sign languages, such as the U.K. where deaf people use BSL and Australia where Auslan is used.
Manually Coded English (MCE)
Manually Coded English refers to any of a number of sign systems that are metalanguages, or codes, for English. The term "manual" means the codes are not true languages but artificially contrived systems of communications. In their book, A Journey in the DEAF-WORLD, Harlan Lane and his fellow authors describe MCE systems as "any of several signing systems invented by educators to represent words in English sentences using signs borrowed from ASL combined with signs contrived to serve as translation equivalents for English function words (articles, prepositions, etc.) and prefixes and suffixes" (270).
Although many if not most Deaf people greatly prefer ASL over MCEs because ASL is conceptually based, leaving out the need to sign words such as "is," "the," and "am," and the need to adhere to English grammar, MCEs are useful in instances such as quoting English word for word, clarifying communication with English speakers, and teaching English to the deaf. Not uncommonly, even those who prefer ASL will use a sign from an MCE to clarify the exact meaning of a word. The continuum between pure ASL and English has a full spectrum of varying levels of use per individual, region, and situation, with the vast majority of Deaf people (with a capital D) using ASL for most communication.
MCE systems include: Signed English, Seeing Essential English (SEE 1), Signing Exact English (SEE 2), cued speech, and the Rochester Method.
Pidgin Sign English (PSE)
Pidgin Sign English is somewhat in the middle of the continuum between ASL and English. Researchers have noted that a person's signing style changes depending on whom they are conversing with; two Deaf people signing together may use very conceptual sign, whereas when signing to a hearing person, their signing style can tend to become more pidginized towards English. Some hearing people who sign may not know ASL grammar well, but sign great PSE.
PSE is also known as contact sign, or a contact language, referring to contact between people who speak different languages and how they use a pidgin to communicate.
ASL PSE MCE
Conceptual Mixed English
Finger Spelling
Finger spelling (also called the manual alphabet) is a set of hand shapes and motions that represent each letter of the alphabet. Cases where finger spelling is often used include:
- When emphasizing a specific word
- When clarifying a word, possibly because the sign can be translated into
more than one English word
- When a person does not know a particular sign
- When there is no sign for a certain word.
Click here to learn more about the ASL finger spelling alphabet.
Click here for links to other sites on finger spelling.